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Top 7 alternative energies listed

The US could replace all its cars and trucks with electric cars powered by wind turbines taking up less than 3 square kilometres - in theory, at least. That's the conclusion of a detailed study ranking 11 types of non-fossil fuels according to their total ecological footprint and their benefit to human health.

The study, carried out by Mark Jacobson of the atmosphere and energy programme at Stanford University, found wind power to be by far the most desirable source of energy. Biofuels from corn and plant waste came right at the bottom of the list, along with nuclear power and "clean" coal.

Watch a video of Jacobson discussing his findings.

The energy sources that Jacobson found most promising were, in descending order:

• Wind

• Concentrated solar power (mirrors heating a tower of water)

• Geothermal energy

• Tidal energy

• Solar panels

• Wave energy

• Hydroelectric dams

To compare the fuels, Jacobson calculated the impacts each would have if it alone powered the entire US fleet of cars and trucks.

He considered not just the quantities of greenhouse gases that would be emitted, but also the impact the fuels would have on the ecosystem - taking up land and polluting water, for instance. Also considered were the fuel's impact on pollution and therefore human health, the availability of necessary resources, and the energy form's reliability.

"The energy alternatives that are good are not the ones that people have been talking about the most," says Jacobson.

"Some options that have been proposed are just downright awful," he says. "Ethanol-based biofuels will actually cause more harm to human health, wildlife, water supply, and land use than current fossil fuels."

Biofuel concerns

Jacobson says it would take 30 times more space to grow enough corn to power the US fleet than would be needed to erect enough wind turbines, while bioethanol would produce more greenhouse gases than wind power.

Biofuels have received a considerable amount of political backing in recent years with the US and Europe setting targets to phase in their use and gradually replace oil.

Energy and wildlife experts have expressed concerns about biofuels and the EU last year appeared to reconsider its position.

Nuclear is another energy source whose merits have been debated by European and US leaders alike in the past 12 months. "It results in 25 times more carbon and air pollution than wind," says Jacobson. Half of those emissions are caused by the time it takes to plan and build a nuclear power plant - time during which fossil fuels have to be burnt for energy.

"Clean" coal - the process of burning coal then capturing the emitted carbon dioxide and storing it underground - is another political favourite. Jacobson's calculations show that building and using enough clean coal power plants would emit up to 110 times more carbon than building and using wind turbines only.

Focused efforts

"The philosophy that we should try a little bit of everything is wrong," says Jacobson. "We need to focus on the technologies that provide the best benefit. We know which these are."

Jacobson acknowledges that politicians are calling for a massive jobs programme to pull the economy out of recession, but says investment in renewable energy is one way to do that.

"Putting people to work building wind turbines, solar plants, geothermal plants, electric vehicles, and transmission lines would not only create jobs but also reduce costs due to healthcare, crop damage, and climate damage - as well as provide the world with a truly unlimited supply of clean power," he says.

Jacobson presented his results to the chairman of the Senate energy and Natural Resources Committee in October last year. They are published in Energy and Environmental Science this month (DOI: 10.1039/b809990c).

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Have your say
Comments 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6

What About The Really Novel Stuff

Wed Jan 14 18:43:37 GMT 2009 by John Galt

What about the new fantastic stuff that gets stultified by the mediocre physics community trying to protect their subsided jobs (hot fusion, LHC)? Stuff that is peer reviewed and done to the highest standards but is treated indifferently by the peer review process.

What About The Really Novel Stuff

Wed Jan 14 22:21:55 GMT 2009 by John

How about novel and already working in commercial use? DOE ranks "waste heat" as bigger than these seven. Why aren't we talking about that?

http://www.electratherm.com/recycled-energy.html

What About The Really Novel Stuff

Thu Jan 15 02:07:46 GMT 2009 by HB

Admittedly, I have only glanced at this link briefly, but I doubt it would look so good if a proper study was done.

It is all very well to say that there is so-many MW of waste power being 'thrown away', but much of this is likely to be effectively unusable. A machine putting out some huge flow rate of gas at two degrees above ambient temperature will indeed be 'wasting' a large amount of energy. However, the conversion efficiency of ANY method of recovering this energy would be ridiculously low due to the small deltaT involved.

Recovering waste heat can of course be useful for things such as space heating and running auxiliary processes, but the amount of energy recovered is generally a small percentage of the total heat 'wasted', since there are diminishing returns for further effort in reducing 'waste'.

What About The Really Novel Stuff

Wed Jan 14 23:08:14 GMT 2009 by Kevin

I don't understand your comment, are you implying that scientists are engaged in some kind of conspiracy to stifle promising alternative energy research? If so, you should give some examples of these stifled projects. The LHC doesn't really count as an alternative energy project, so I'm confused by this...

What About The Really Novel Stuff

Thu Jan 15 10:58:17 GMT 2009 by jkw

And what exactly would be that fantastic stuff?

What About The Really Novel Stuff

Thu Jan 15 13:46:23 GMT 2009 by John Galt

Things challenging accepted laws of physics that the establishment think are all done and dusted bar the '6 decimal place' (in the famous Michelson expression at the turn of the 20C).

Currently the model is big physics and nothing new and fundamental can be discovered unless billions is spent with a team of hundreds contributing. They will be in for suprises. Basic ideas about energy and what you can do with it will be shown to be wrong. Here is not the place to elaborate but keep an open mind as to what the establishment is telling you and the vested monied interests: big oil, big physics (we don't want to lose research grants and be made to look fools).

What About The Really Novel Stuff

Thu Jan 15 15:26:47 GMT 2009 by Norman

So your proposal is to overthrow all accepted laws of physics. That might well produce a solution or even remove the problem. Anything could be possible.

OK John, what is the next step?

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Wed Jan 14 18:54:28 GMT 2009 by kevin

Why do we seem to almost unthinkingly continue to sustain this prejudicial predisposition for mega centralized power? There are so many wonderful ideas for making your own power locally. I believe it is because of the dominance of policy by large corporations and/or financial interests. They would be out of the loop hugely if we all generated our own power. There are simple things like local moving water sources, solar, steam, and small-time wind. There's also the more controversial but no less serious work of Tom Bearden and his associates. Why haven't New Scientist interviewed him? And there's also the "salt water flame" recently discovered by Kanzius. We need to dig much deeper in our quest for freedom from energy tyranny.

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Wed Jan 14 19:30:46 GMT 2009 by Russell

Efficiencies of scale and the fact that transmission is cheap in comparison to generation are the main reasons why we have centralised electricity production facilities.

Perhaps you could point us in the direction of some research which shows where distributed production has advantages?

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Wed Jan 14 19:58:38 GMT 2009 by Michael

Reliability is another strong supporting factor for centralized production; if your individual PG station goes out, it's up to you to repair/replace it, which means unless you have parts available you could be out of power for days or weeks, whereas with centralized generation a single system failing may not even be noticed, and will certainly be repaired quickly.

That being said, there's certainly some argument for running primarily off the grid as much as possible with fallback availability provided.

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Wed Jan 14 20:01:21 GMT 2009 by Michael

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Thu Jan 15 00:05:13 GMT 2009 by Dustin

Your example isn't very good. The website uses a lot of bad statistics to make the marketing seem better than it is. It still uses fossil fuels, though technically it could use biodeisels and ethanol, and while mentioning the energy loss due to transmission for centralized power they don't mention the energy loss due to fuel transportation that would be incurred with distributed generation (trucks or piping to deliver the fuel to many locations instead of just one).

This companies only real advantage is that it uses the waste heat from the power generation process to heat the home/building. Unfortunately this doesn't provide any advantages during the summer or in hot climates. In addition this system would have higher per kilowatt cost to entry than a large scale system, which equates to a larger initial energy/carbon investment in building it.

Epic fail.

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Thu Jan 15 00:10:23 GMT 2009 by AnonAmerican

Distributed energy production has many advantages:

1. Economics - Renewable energy systems, like PV, pay for themselves in a few years (solar takes typically around 7 years) and then give many more years of free energy. This is actually MUCH cheaper than the pollutive technologies, but you don't see governments pushing it realistically because it would eliminate corporations' "cherished dependent consumer" and therefor, the associated taxes.

2. Energy Loss - The DOE has varying estimates but says that somewhere between 1/3 and 2/3 of the power that is produced is lost "in line" on the way to the consumer. When you produce the energy at the point of use, your loss is more like 5% or less.

3. Security - It is impossible for anyone to attack every house at the same time (at least so far), whereas centralized power stations make obvious and vulnerable targets. This is especially true for nuclear facilities, but those should be eliminated due to safety, environmental, and economics reasons.

4. Independence - People often want to be more independent and less reliant on outside factors, whether at the world, state, or county level. Strangely, this is a major conservative mantra but they forget it when they speak of distributed renewables.

5. Grid Load Leveling - By having distributed production, at the point of use, less demand is made on the energy grid, reducing voltage sag under heavy load (brown and black outs) and allows us to save a huge amount on grid upgrades. While this is true, there will need to be significant increases in grid infrastructure anyway to support centralized wind, ocean, and geothermal production as well as EV charging at homes.

I'd think that there are other benefits as well, but those are the ones I came up with immediately.

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Thu Jan 15 17:25:44 GMT 2009 by Jeremy

Independence is a big one, although as someone already pointed out, there would still need to be centralized manufacturers of equipment like PV cells or generators. And transporting biofuels by truck to every house would not be so efficient in the long run.

And from what I've seen, PV doesn't pay for itself in 7 years. Fifteen to twenty years is more like it, and its a gamble that the PV cells and inverters etc. wouldn't need to be replaced by then or damaged by storms.

Still, these technologies have some promise and let's keep the research going.

I also don't think one- or two-thirds of electric power is lost in transmission. That seems way too high.

Whether the PC crowd likes it or not, biofuels will be increasingly used. So what if growing corn takes up 30 times the space of wind power. The footprint of a wind turbine isn't very big so just grow an acre of corn. Advances in biotechnology will mean that more and more plant waste (inedible stems and leaves) will be converted to ethanol. This will have a big impact on the use of fossil fuel and is the most economically attractive model, not least because it is not centralized, i.e., many farmers and start-ups can get in on the act and not just the big oil companies. Grass roots, quite literally. And marginal land can be put into production.

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Wed Jan 14 19:51:28 GMT 2009 by Jon

You know I had not heard of Tom Bearden before so I wikied him.. Sorry but people who make overunity claims should refain from those claims until they can actually demonstrate a real working device. And Kanzius and the whole Aquagen bunk is the same game. Making these kind of claims with only your word as proof while in the same breath asking for funds to make it into a "real product" screams con artist.

As to centeralized power vs decentralized power it really comes down to economics and how our power grid is designed. Oh and the whole NIMBY thing.

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Thu Jan 15 02:14:37 GMT 2009 by HB

Why centralised power? Two words: Grid instability.

The distribution grid seems like a simple enough idea, but the dynamics are very complicated.

Do you want your entire countries power supply to be at risk every time some unfortunate fool cleans his toaster with a fork? An exaggeration perhaps, but you get the point....

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Thu Jan 15 08:12:08 GMT 2009 by crc

The only thing stopping communities in the U.S. from forming coalitions and generating their own power is economic viability.

Some communities are supplementing their power with wind generators already. But I am not anticipating the dismantling of the grid any time in the near future.

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Thu Jan 15 13:27:17 GMT 2009 by Tom Potts

You dont need to dismantle the grid. Its useful in centralised or decentralised generation.

The main problem with centralised generation is weather or terrorism - a bit of freezing rain, or someone pulling over a few pylons and the whole thing stars to break down. You could disable the UK by knocking over ten pylons or so.

Localised power generation makes this a less effective way of destoying a country.

Why Always Centralized Pwer

Thu Jan 15 13:52:52 GMT 2009 by HB

I was not referring to having to dismantle the current grid.

So long as distributed generation makes up a small percentage of the total generation, things are fine. If this percentage becomes more significant; however, things get much more difficult to manage.

Why Did Anyone Think Corn Biofuel Was Sane?

Wed Jan 14 18:56:33 GMT 2009 by Russell de Silva

With regards corn or cellulosic biofuels, what really interests me is how such an appallingly bad idea can have gained so much traction with both investors and researchers.

The fact that laypeople, conservationists, and politicians got on the band wagon of what very superficially seemed like a good idea is not too surprising.

However to think that it didn't occur to investors and qualified researchers that the loss of arable food producing land would have to be catastrophic to replace a significant proportion of fossil fuel use just beggars belief.

Not to mention the fact that it's reliance on fossil fuel to produce fertiliser means that it's carbon footprint is actually worse than just burning the fossil fuels in the first place.

The first of these problems was blindingly obvious to anyone who thought about it more than 5 seconds.

The second problem of being less efficient in use of resources than the existing technology is also unforgivable and surely should have been the first thing asked by any decent scientist.

Why Did Anyone Think Corn Biofuel Was Sane?

Wed Jan 14 19:19:27 GMT 2009 by Liza

I believe lobbying by the agricultural sector had a lot to do with the promotion of biofuels. They achieved their aim- prices for staple crops have doubled or tripled.

Why Did Anyone Think Corn Biofuel Was Sane?

Wed Jan 14 20:05:22 GMT 2009 by TCL

Unfortunately, the hope was to STABILIZE prices. Most recent prices have fallen to nearly where they were before the bubble of last year. sigh.

Why Did Anyone Think Corn Biofuel Was Sane?

Wed Jan 14 19:57:15 GMT 2009 by Matt C.

Yes, biofuels from corn is an incredibly bad idea.

But algae on the other hand, can be grown using sunlight and waste CO2 (from factories, coal plants, etc) and is converted into biofuels just as easily as corn.

Why Did Anyone Think Corn Biofuel Was Sane?

Thu Jan 15 00:19:17 GMT 2009 by Simon Smart

Going further algae could in the future be converted into biofuels much more efficiently than corn is at present. Using food crops to produce fuel is idiotic but there are many possible ways to be explored.

see http://www.bioenergy.cam.ac.uk/abc.html

Why Did Anyone Think Corn Biofuel Was Sane?

Thu Jan 15 17:53:17 GMT 2009 by Mark

There is work in progress right now, not 20 miles from where I sit typing this in San Diego California, on scaling up an already demonstrated process that produces hydrocarbons from algae that are compatible with our existing refining infrastructure. The fuels produced this way can go into your fuel tanks right now and work well, since they are chemically identical to existing fuels. Petrol, Diesel, and even Jet Fuel have been made this way. There are many advantages to the process, and it offers a viable alternative getting much of our oil from the Middle East. Space wise, it uses much less space than crop based biofuels and can be done in many areas that are not arable.

Why Did Anyone Think Corn Biofuel Was Sane?

Thu Jan 15 01:54:45 GMT 2009 by Yomomma

Ethanol is a piece of the puzzle. If we can get cellulosic ethanol off the ground, it would allow us to provide a renewable semi-carbon-neutral fuel for our EXISTING infrastructure and gasoline powered vehicles.

It's not a good match for the long-term, but it will definitely help fill a short term need. It is going to take time to replace all of the cars on the planet with electrical models, and not everyone is going to be able to afford (a very expensive!) electric car right away. Even if gas prices spike again and we have a sudden attack of environmental political will, it will take decades to ween ourselves off internal combustion, and you can't burn bio-diesel in a gasoline engine. You CAN burn ethanol with a few modifications.

Corn ethanol is mainly a way for agricultural giants to line their pockets while starving the world, par for the course

Why Did Anyone Think Corn Biofuel Was Sane?

Thu Jan 15 14:55:04 GMT 2009 by John Read

Ethanol was a good starting point for fossil fuel replacement, in particular by Brazil and Rhodesia/Zimbabwe using their sugar cane. It became submerged by American Agribusiness in the of use maize, a critical food crop for most developing countries in Africa. The problem is also journalists who think no further than standard cliches. Jatropha curcas seed oil is a case in point - non food plant that grows in marginal soils and offers local farmers an alternative - but many journalists including Jeremy Clarkson of Top Gear - can't even differentiate between different biofuels - ethanol or biodiesel.

I agree that the future of biofuels in the broadest sense lies in algae, bacteria (not bugs!) as prime sources or agents to replace fuel used in current fuel technology - gas or liquid, but there are many ways to diversify usable energy production

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The US could replace all its cars and trucks with electric cars powered by wind turbines taking up less than 3 square kilometres, says the study (Image: Larry MacDougal/Rex Features)

The US could replace all its cars and trucks with electric cars powered by wind turbines taking up less than 3 square kilometres, says the study (Image: Larry MacDougal/Rex Features)

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